- South Korean Firms Get Indefinite Waiver on US Chip Gear Supplies to China”
- Extreme heat harms health — what is the human body’s limit?
- Cancer Prevention: Would You Want AI to Predict Your Fate?
- Reproducibility trial: 246 biologists get different results from same data sets
- 'De Zerbi culture is why players thrive at Brighton'
- In Senegal, migration to Canary Islands tears families apart
South Korean Firms Get Indefinite Waiver on US Chip Gear Supplies to China”
韓國公司獲得美國向中國供應晶片設備的無限期豁免
Sciences
Samsung Electronics and SK Hynix will be allowed to supply US chip equipment to their China factories indefinitely without separate US approvals, South Korea’s presidential office and the companies said on Monday. The United States had been expected to extend a waiver granted to the South Korean chipmakers on a requirement for licenses to bring US chip equipment into China. “Uncertainties about South Korean semiconductor firms’ operations and investments in China have been greatly eased; they will be able to calmly seek long-term global management strategies,” said Choi Sang-mok, senior presidential secretary for economic affairs. The United States has already notified Samsung and SK Hynix of the decision, indicating that it is in effect, Choi said. The US Department of Commerce is updating its “validated end user” list, denoting which entities can receive exports of which technology, to allow Samsung and SK Hynix to keep supplying certain US chipmaking tools to their China factories, the presidential office said. Once included in the list, there is no need to obtain permission for separate export cases.
-- from CNN
韓國總統府和韓國總統辦公室週一表示，三星電子和 SK 海力士將被允許無限期向其中國工廠供應美國晶片設備，無需美國單獨批准。 此前預計美國將延長對韓國晶片製造商的豁免，要求其將美國晶片設備帶入中國需要許可證。 「韓國半導體企業在華經營和投資的不確定性已大大緩解； 他們將能夠冷靜地尋求長期的全球管理策略，」總統經濟事務首席秘書崔相木（Choi Sang-mok）表示。 Choi表示，美國已經將這項決定通知了三星和SK海力士，這表明該決定已經生效。 總統辦公室表示，美國商務部正在更新其「經過驗證的最終用戶」名單，顯示哪些實體可以接收哪些技術的出口，以允許三星和SK海力士繼續向其中國工廠供應某些美國晶片製造工具。 一旦列入清單，就無需單獨取得出口許可。
-- 摘錄翻譯自 CNN
Extreme heat harms health — what is the human body’s limit?
酷暑危害健康－人體的極限是多少？
Sciences
This year’s Northern Hemisphere summer has been unlike any other. In July in Mexicali, northern Mexico, temperatures reached a blistering 47 °C, forcing people to remain inside to avoid dizziness and fainting. Across Mexico, a heatwave in June and July killed at least 167 people. In July, a weather station in China’s northwestern Xinjiang region logged 52.2 °C; California’s Death Valley saw a punishing 53.3 °C. And in August, at Iran’s Qeshm Dayrestan airport, high temperatures and humidity combined to create conditions that would kill healthy people in only a few hours. These are just a few examples of the intense heatwaves that have featured in this year’s Northern Hemisphere summer, which has been the hottest on record by a large margin. Although the summer months have now ended, extreme heatwaves and their effects on people are likely to be a challenge worldwide for decades to come. Such heat events will become more common and more severe with climate change, say researchers, raising concerns about what the human body can ultimately tolerate — and whether societies can adapt.
--from Nature
今年的北半球夏季與往年不同。 7 月，墨西哥北部墨西卡利的氣溫達到 47°C，迫使人們待在室內，以免頭暈和昏厥。 6 月和 7 月的熱浪席捲墨西哥，造成至少 167 人死亡。 7月，中國西北新疆地區的氣象站測得的氣溫為52.2℃； 加州死亡谷的氣溫高達 53.3°C。 八月，在伊朗Qeshm Dayrestan機場，高溫和潮濕的結合創造了在短短幾個小時內殺死健康人的條件。這些只是今年北半球夏季出現的強烈熱浪的幾個例子，今年的夏季是有記錄以來最熱的夏季。 儘管夏季已經結束，但極端熱浪及其對人類的影響可能會成為未來幾十年全世界面臨的挑戰。 研究人員表示，隨著氣候變化，此類高溫事件將變得更加普遍、更加嚴重，引發人們對人體最終能夠承受的擔憂，以及社會是否能夠適應。
--摘錄翻譯自Nature
Cancer Prevention: Would You Want AI to Predict Your Fate?
癌症預防：你希望人工智慧預測你的命運嗎？
Health
We typically carry around 9,000 mutations in our genomes, making us all genetic mutants to some degree. We inherited most of these mutations from our ancestors, but accumulate around 64 mutations during our own development, passing them on to our offspring for good measure. Most of these mutations are benign and have little to no effect on our health, but some can severely disrupt protein function, and can cause diseases such as cancer, diabetes or heart conditions. Scientists are now capable of predicting the risk of developing certain diseases from genetic screens. AI algorithms are the main tools used for these predictions. For Andrea Downing, these predictive algorithms may have saved her life. Downing tested positive for a mutation in a gene called BRCA1 when she was in her 20s. Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 are known to increase the risk of cancer: between 45 and 72% of women with mutations in their genes are diagnosed with breast or ovarian cancers. "The women in my family have a history of cancer," Downing told DW. "My mother was diagnosed with stage three breast cancer when I was very young and had recurrences that shaped my childhood." Downing took the decision to have a mastectomy in order to eliminate the risk of breast cancer in the future. Angelina Jolie made the same decision in 2013. "I firmly believe that my decisions saved my life. I wouldn't want to know what my path would have been if I hadn't known about the mutation," Downing said.
-- from Deutsche Welle
我們的基因組中通常攜帶大約 9,000 個突變，使我們在某種程度上都是基因突變體。 我們從祖先那裡繼承了大部分突變，但在我們自己的發育過程中累積了大約 64 個突變，並將它們傳遞給我們的後代。 這些突變大多是良性的，對我們的健康幾乎沒有影響，但有些突變會嚴重破壞蛋白質功能，並可能導致癌症、糖尿病或心臟病等疾病。 科學家現在能夠透過基因篩檢預測某些疾病的風險。 人工智慧演算法是用於這些預測的主要工具。 對於 Andrea Downing 來說，這些預測演算法可能挽救了她的生命。 Downing在 20 多歲時，BRCA1 基因突變檢測呈現陽性。 已知 BRCA1 和 BRCA2 突變會增加罹患癌症的風險：45% 至 72% 基因突變的女性被診斷出罹患乳癌或卵巢癌。 「我家族的女性都有癌症病史，」唐寧告訴德國之聲。 “我很小的時候，我的母親就被診斷出患有三期乳腺癌，乳腺癌復發影響了我的童年。” 唐寧決定進行乳房切除手術，以消除未來罹患乳癌的風險。 Angelina Jolie在 2013 年也做出了同樣的決定。 「我堅信我的決定拯救了我的生命。如果我不知道這種突變，我不想知道我的道路會是什麼，」唐寧說。 --摘錄翻譯自Deutsche Welle
Reproducibility trial: 246 biologists get different results from same data sets
再現性試驗：246 位生物學家從相同的資料集中得到不同的結果
Health
In a massive exercise to examine reproducibility, more than 200 biologists analysed the same sets of ecological data — and got widely divergent results. The first sweeping study of its kind in ecology demonstrates how much results in the field can vary, not because of differences in the environment, but because of scientists’ analytical choices. “There can be a tendency to treat individual papers’ findings as definitive,” says Hannah Fraser, an ecology meta researcher at the University of Melbourne in Australia and a co-author of the study. But the results show that “we really can’t be relying on any individual result or any individual study to tell us the whole story”. Variation in results might not be surprising, but quantifying that variation in a formal study could catalyse a larger movement to improve reproducibility, says Brian Nosek, executive director of the Center for Open Science in Charlottesville, Virginia, who has driven discussions about reproducibility in the social sciences.
--from Nature
在一次大規模的重複性檢驗活動中，200 多名生物學家分析了相同的生態資料集，但得到了截然不同的結果。 生態學領域的第一項全面研究發現，該領域的結果可能會發生很大的變化，這不是因為環境的差異，而是因為科學家的分析選擇。 澳洲墨爾本大學生態學元研究員、該研究的合著者 Hannah Fraser 表示：“人們可能傾向於將個別論文的發現視為確定性的。” 但結果表明，「我們確實不能依賴任何單獨的結果或任何單獨的研究來告訴我們整個故事」。 維吉尼亞州夏洛特斯維爾開放科學中心執行董事布萊恩‧諾塞克(Brian Nosek) 表示，結果的差異可能並不令人驚訝，但量化正式研究中的差異可能會引發更大的運動，以提高社會科學研究的可再現性。
--摘錄翻譯自Nature
'De Zerbi culture is why players thrive at Brighton'
“De Zerbi文化是球員在Brighton茁壯成長的原因”
Culture
Why do players look like potential superstars at Brighton but often struggle when they move on - most notably to Chelsea for astronomical amounts of money? That is one of the most frequent questions you get asked as an Albion fan. An answer of sorts could be seen with what happened at full-time of Sunday afternoon's thrilling 2-2 draw with Liverpool at Amex Stadium. While Brighton's players embarked on their lap of the pitch, Roberto de Zerbi sought out Alexis Mac Allister. With his arm around the shoulders of his former player, De Zerbi ensured Mac Allister got a standing ovation from the Albion crowd for his efforts during his three and a half years as a Seagull. It was a moment of class from De Zerbi and indicative of the way Brighton treat their players. Individuals thrive because of the culture and ethos around the club. When they then depart, they can end up lost. There was a certain level of aptness that on the day Mac Allister returned for the first time as a Liverpool player, Brighton gave a full Premier League debut to the man signed to fill the hole left in midfield by the departure of both him and Moises Caicedo.
--from BBC
為什麼Brighton的球員看起來像是潛在的超級巨星，但當他們轉會時卻常常陷入困境——尤其是身價天文數字的Chelsea？ 這是身為Albion粉絲最常被問到的問題之一。 週日下午在美國運通體育場與利物浦激動人心的 2-2 戰平的全場比賽中發生的事情可以看出某種答案。 當Brighton的球員們踏上球場時，Roberto de Zerbi找到了Mac Allister。 De Zerbi用手臂摟著前隊友的肩膀，確保Mac Allister在作為海鷗隊的三年半中所做的努力得到了Albion球迷的起立鼓掌。 這是De Zerbi的經典時刻，也體現了Brighton對待球員的方式。 個人因俱樂部的文化和精神而茁壯成長。但當他們離開時，他們可能會迷失自我。 在Mac Allister首次以利物浦球員身份回歸的那天，Brighton為這位為了填補因他和莫伊塞斯·凱塞多離開而留下的中場空缺的球員進行了完整的英超首秀。
--摘錄翻譯自BBC
In Senegal, migration to Canary Islands tears families apart
在塞內加爾，移民到加那利群島導致家庭分崩離析
Culture
The departure of her 19-year-old son for Spain took Aminata Boye by surprise. "I was not informed when he left," Boye told DW in Senegal's coastal city of Mbour. "When I asked about him, they told me that he had taken to the sea." For the last three months, Boye hasn't heard one word from her son. "His phone rang, but he didn't answer," she said. Now, the young man is among those who have been reported missing somewhere around Spain's Canary Islands. "I lost my child at sea," said Boye, desperate. She isn't alone: many women in Mbour have a similar story to tell. For Codou Boye, however, the situation is different, though no less difficult. Her husband is stuck in Spain, she told DW, waiting for paperwork to be settled. At least he regularly transfers some money back home.
--from Deutsche Welle
阿米納塔·博耶 (Aminata Boye) 19 歲的兒子啟程前往西班牙，這讓她感到驚訝。 博耶在塞內加爾沿海城市姆布爾告訴德國之聲：“他離開時我沒有得到通知。” “當我問起他時，他們告訴我他已經出海了。” 三個月來，Boye沒有聽到兒子的任何消息。 「他的電話響了，但他沒有接聽，」她說。 現在，這名年輕人是據報導在西班牙加那利群島附近失蹤的人之一。 「我在海上失去了我的孩子，」Boye絕望地說。 她並不孤單：姆布爾的許多女性都有類似的故事。 然而，對於Codou Boyee來說，情況有所不同，但同樣困難。 她告訴Deutsche Welle，她的丈夫被困在西班牙，等待文件處理完畢。 至少他定期匯一些錢回家。
--摘錄翻譯自Deutsche Welle